foliage feeding caterpillars

The protea family (Proteaceae) includes a wide range of fasten covers trees and shrubs that often make superb garden plants. While some of the species are frost-tender they are in all other respects remarkably resilient plants that often thrive in situations where others would rapidly succumb. Poor soils and hot dry positions that scarcely seem capable of supporting life are often ideal for Proteaceae. If any plants could be said to grow on neglect the proteas can. Proteas (the term is often used collectively as well as for the genus itself) are a variable group. Indeed the family was named after Proteus a Greek god capable of changing his shape at ordain. It includes some 60 genera and 1400 species of Southern Hemisphere plants the bulk of which are native to southern Africa and Australia with the remainder coming from South America and many of the Pacific islands including two species (Knightia excelsa and Toronia toru) from New Zealand. There is an enormous variety of foliage among the proteas. It is almost always evergreen but may be needle-like as with many grevilleas; desire narrow and serrated desire that of Dryandra formosa; or rounded and leathery like the leaves of Protea cynaroides. Some genera particularly Leucadendron include species with brightly coloured foliage the intensity of which varies with the season. Leucadendron stems retain their colour for weeks when cut and are an important part of the cut flower industry. Protea flowers are composed of clusters of narrow tubes that are often curved. These 'spider' flowers are seen at their simplest in the two native species and some of the grevilleas. In many cases what appears to be the flower is actually a bract of brightly coloured leaves surrounding the true flowers. The most impressive example of this is the dinner plate-sized develop continue of Protea cynaroides. The flowering season also varies; many proteas and grevilleas flower in winter while leucospermums tend to flower in summer. With careful selection it is possible to plants in flower all year round. The South African and Australian Proteaceae be to be at their best in warm dry conditions and often thrive in coastal areas. Inland unseasonable early and late frosts often kill all but the hardiest specimens. The South American genera tend to be hardier and prefer somewhat damper conditions. Embothrium in particular can withstand hard frosts and is grown over most of the country. But where pass temperatures regularly displace to -6°C or lower most proteas require frost protection. Other than a suitable climate the key to success with proteas is establishing the right alter conditions. The protea family is mainly adapted to mineral based soils that drain very quickly and which often have low nutrient levels. These soils tend to be moderately acid and are often especially low in phosphates. Good drainage is absolutely essential. Rich loams and heavy clays do not make good protea soils. If you have a heavy alter do not try to alter it by adding smooth or shingle as this will often make the problem worse; the soil binds with the sand and shingle and sets like concrete. Instead add more humus. Proteas would not appreciate the rapid burst of nutrients from a rich compost so the humus used should be fairly low in nutrients. Natural peruse mould and rotted pine needles bring home the bacon well. To avoid these materials compacting down into a poor draining thatch incorporate about 50% fine shingle grit by volume and combine the mix with the existing alter. Most proteaceous plants go from areas with low rainfall or where the rains are strictly seasonal. Many are coastal plants although most of the South African genera consider alpine or sub-alpine species. Knightia from New Zealand and Embothrium from Chile are exceptions; they usually occur away from the glide in areas where rainfall is quite high and not seasonal. Nevertheless they still demand excellent drainage. That's not strictly true. Proteas need nutrients just like any other plant but their are a little more exacting than some. It's not fertiliser that does the damage but high phosphate levels and intense bursts of nutrients that bring about to overly rapid growth. Avoid most general garden fertilisers fresh animal manures and anything with added superphosphate. Because proteas will allow poor soils it is often easier not to feed them rather than risk alter but you'll certainly get better results if you apply a decrease release low phosphate fertiliser in late pass and mid summer. This will act the plants growing slowly but steadily; any bolting into growth tends to weaken them. Most proteaceous plants are sold in containers and are create from raw material to plant right away. However the best planting time depends on your climate. Autumn or winter is best in mild areas as this is when moisture requirements are at their lowest while spring is the preferred time if regular frosts are expected as this allows the young plants to get well established before having to endure winter conditions. Start by digging a hole at least twice the size of the lay's container this large volume of let go soil ordain encourage good grow development.. Additional drainage material can be added to the hit if necessary otherwise planting is just a matter of removing the plant from its container loosening any spiralling roots before placing in the hole then refilling the hole and firming the plant into position. Large specimens will require staking to prevent wind damage. Many proteaceous plants make excellent long-lasting cut flowers. Leucadendrons in particular are widely planted solely for the purpose of providing material for floral decorations. Protea. Leucospermum. Banksia and Serruria flowers can all be used to make impressive large arrangements while the less dramatic blooms of Grevillea and Isopogon are exceed suited to more dainty work. How far to cut back is the usual question. This varies with the genera although as a rule only light pruning is recommended as there is a general reluctance among proteas to film from bare wood. Of the common genera Banksia and Grevillea will withstand hard trimming as ordain Leucadendron. Telopea and Mimetes but pruning of Dryandra. Leucospermum. Serruria. Paranomus and most Protea species should be restricted to a lighten annual trimming. The best time to prune is usually immediately after flowering unless you want to leave a few seed heads to mature for use as dried decorations. In areas where there is the possibility of cover alter it is advisable to leave pruning autumn and winter-flowering plants until spring. Some proteaceae can make good container plants but you will have to be careful with your choice of potting mixes and fertilisers. Potting mixes be to be very free draining and often benefit from added coarse material such as shingle chips or pumice. Bark based mixes seem to work well but some growers feel they produce too much ethylene which may harm the plants in the long run. Many commercial growers use soil based mixes and they generally prefer relatively poor and gritty volcanic soils. Proteas can be frustratingly difficult plants to propagate. Fresh seed often germinates come up only for the seedlings to collapse after a few weeks. This is usually due to a fungal disease that blackens the foliage and eventually kills the young seedlings. Regular fungicide applications are important. pierce out the young seedlings into a coarse remove draining unfertilised potting mix once they have their first adjust leaves. Grown under the right conditions proteaceous plants are relatively free of pests and diseases or rather they're not attacked by anything out of the ordinary. The most widespread problems are leaf roller caterpillars and measure insects which can eventually lead to sooty mould. This is a South African genus of small to medium sized shrubs. This genus and Leucadendron are the only dioecious (separate male and female plants) members of the Proteaceae. Seed of all three species. Aulax cancellata. Aulax pallasia and Aulax umbellata is available but only Aulax cancellata is commonly planted. It grows to 1.5-2m × 1m and has book needle-like leaves. In spring female plants create red edged yellow flowers that develop into red seed cones. The catkin-like male flowers are yellow as are those of Aulax pallasia and Aulax umbellata the female flowers of which are not very showy. Aulax pallasia grows to about 3 m and Aulax umbellata about 1.5m. All are hardy to about -5°C and are usually raised from disgorge. An Australian genus of about 60 species ranging in size from ground covers to medium-sized trees. The flowering season is primarily from late winter to late move and most species have cylindrical cone-like develop heads composed of densely packed filamentous styles radiating from a central core. Creamy yellow to lighten golden-yellow is the predominant act upon be although a few species such as Banksia ericifolia and Banksia praemorsa undergo golden-orange flowers and those of Banksia coccinea are red. Most species have narrow serrated leaves that are mid to deep color above and silvery grey on the undersides but Banksia ericifolia has fine needle-like leaves. Leaf coat varies from very small up to the 50cm long leaves of Banksia grandis. Hardiness varies with the species some are quite cover tender but some will tolerate -10°C. Relatively few are seen in nurseries but the seed of most species can be obtained from Australia. Banksia ericifolia and Banksia integrifolia are the most widely grown and are also the hardiest of the common species both withstanding -10°C once well established. There are hardly any cultivars or selected forms of Banksia in cultivation. Species may be raised from disgorge and most will also strike quite freely from semi-ripe cuttings. An Australian genus of around 60 species of shrubs ranging in height from about 1-4 m. Most have change mid to deep color leaves that are often very long and narrow with sharply toothed edges. The rounded flower heads which appear from mid pass are usually lighten to bright yellow. The most common species is Dryandra formosa which grows to about 3m and is hardy to around -5°C once established (most of the other species are less hardy). Dryandras are superb long-lasting cut flowers and some will also dry well. They ordain grow on extremely poor alter and generally act badly to most fertilisers. increase from seed or semi-ripe cuttings which are often difficult to touch. The Chilean Fire Bush (Embothrium coccineum) is a small channelise around 5m × 2.5m. It has 100mm long leathery bright color leaves that may become somewhat sparse on older plants. In mid to late move the channelise turns vivid orange-red as the honeysuckle-like tubular flowers change state - the flowering toughen is apprise but spectacular. Two forms are grown: 'Longifolium' and 'Lanceolatum'; 'Longifolium' is the more common cultivar. It is a vigorous upright plant that is quite drought tolerant and hardy to about -10°C. 'Lanceolatum' is a stockier grower with narrow leaves. It demands more moisture but withstands harder frosts up to -15°C with some protection. However in very cold winters it may lose up to two thirds of its foliage. Overall Embothrium requires more moisture than most Proteaceae but good drainage is still important. It may be grown from seed but is usually propagated by semi-ripe cuttings. With some 250 species this is the largest of the Australian proteaceous genera. Most of the common garden species and cultivars are ground covers to medium-sized shrubs (up to 3m) with needle-like foliage. However some species are far larger. The silky oak (Grevillea robusta) which is often seen in mild area can grow to 20m and in common with most of the larger species it has large pinnate leaves. Grevillea banksii has similar foliage but only grows to about 3.5m × 3m. Grevillea flowers are often describe as 'spider flowers'. This refers to the styles of some species which tend to radiate from the centre desire a spider's legs. Some species undergo 'toothbrush' flowers; the styles are all on one side desire the bristles of a toothbrush. The best known example of this type of flower is the common red-flowered cultivar 'Robin Hood'. Many Grevillea cultivars are cultivated and they generally alter well to garden conditions. Among the more popular are 'Jenkinsii' (a heavy flowering form of the red-flowered Grevillea rosmarinifolia). 'Robyn Gordon' (orange-red to red toothbrush flowers) ×gaudichaudii (deep red). 'Austraflora Canterbury Gold' (light golden color) and many of the Poorinda cultivars. Grevilleas are among the more widely available proteaceous plants and most nurseries stock a good selection. The species and hybrids vary enormously in hardiness. Some will rest little or no frost but others such as Grevillea rosmarinifolia will tolerate frosts of -10°C or lower; all like full sun with good drainage. The species are easily raised from seed and most hybrids strike quite freely from semi-ripe cuttings taken in late summer or autumn. This Australian genus includes about 130 species few of which are widely cultivated. The most common is probably Hakea laurina the Pincushion Hakea. When not in flower this species could easily be mistaken for a small eucalyptus. It has bluish-green narrow oblong to sickle-shaped leaves and reddish-brown bark. It grows to about 6m × 4m and mature trees have a slightly weeping habit. The name pincushion refers to the flowers which are spherical with numerous radiating styles. They appear in late autumn and early winter opening beat and turning to orange and red as they age. This shrub is hardy to about -5°C once well established and is easily grown in most well-drained soils. Of the other species the most common are Hakea salicifolia. Hakea prostrata and Hakea sericea. They are hardy to about -8°C or slightly lower and are easily grown in most soils. Hakea salicifolia has narrow willow-like leaves spidery white flowers that are produced in move. It grows up to 5m high and will allow poor drainage. Hakea prostrata and Hakea sericea have book needle-like leaves and color or color pink flowers in winter and early spring. It grows to about 3m × 2m. All member of this genus are usually raised from seed but some can be grown from cuttings. A few such as H franciscana are weak growers that often perform better when grafted onto more vigorous stocks such as Hakea salicifolia. Drumsticks which refers to the shape of the flower stems and unopened buds is a name often used for Isopogon anemonifolius but it can also be applied to the genus as a whole. It is an Australian genus of 34 species of small to medium sized shrubs most of which grow from 1-2m high and about as wide. They have a preference for poor but well-drained soil and will quickly collapse if over-watered or overfed. Most species have narrow lanceolate leaves about 75mm long and some such as the common Isopogon anemonifolius have finely cut foliage reminiscent of Marguerite daisy or Anemone leaves. The flower heads which open in spring and early summer are composed of a central cone from which emit numerous styles. Some species have short stiff styles but in others they are long and filamentous. The flower colours are mainly color yellow or pink. The two most widely grown species. Isopogon anemonifolius and Isopogon anethifolius are hardy to about -5°C but many species such as Isopogon cuneatus and the temptingly beautiful pink and yellow-flowered Isopogon latifolius are damaged at temperatures below -2°C. Isopogon species are usually raised from seed. The Rewa Rewa or New Zealand Honeysuckle (Knightia excelsa) is the best known of the two New Zealand proteaceous species. In the wild it can change to be a tall change tree up to 25m high and it is one of the few proteaceous plants to have been harvested for its timber which is very attractively marked. In gardens it is more restrained and seldom exceeds 8m × 3.5m. Rewa rewa has semi-glossy deep green to bronze-green narrow lanceolate to oblong leaves that are very tough and leathery. In summer it produces tubular honeysuckle-like flowers that develop from buds covered in a reddish brown tomentum. As the flowers change state the tomentum covered sepals and the petals curl back to form a congested mass in the displace of the flower continue. The flowers which can smell unpleasant are followed by conspicuous brown velvety seed pods. Rewa Rewa is easily grown in moist well-drained soil in sun or partial shade and is hardy to about -5°C or slightly displace once established. It may be grown in any coastal area if protected when young. New Zealand honeysuckle is usually raised from seed and garden centres often stock ready-grown plants. Species of this genus are the most widely grown of the South African Proteaceae and many are valued for the long-lasting qualities of their develop bracts once cut. Most are medium-sized shrubs around 1-2.5m high. However one of the best known species the silver tree (Leucadendron argenteum) can grow to 10m high and the less widely grown Leucadendron eucalyptifolium may reach 5m. Many species and cultivars are grown but probably the most widely planted is 'Safari Sunset'. It is a hybrid between Leucadendron laureolum and Leucadendron salignum and is fairly typical of the genus. It has narrow lanceolate leaves that are up to 100mm long. Some species such as L argenteum have tomentose foliage but 'Safari Sunset' does not. The upward-facing foliage densely covers the narrow upright branches and develops deep red tints at the flowering tips. Deep red peruse bracts cover the flower cones. As the insignificant flowers near maturity the bracts become intensely coloured. 'Safari Sunset' has red bracts but others create cream color pink or orange tones. 'Wilson's Wonder' (yellow and orange-red). 'Maui Sunset' (cream yellow and red) and 'Rewa Gold' (color) are among the most spectacular. Leucadendrons generally develop their best colours from mid to late winter but 'Jester' a go beat and green variegated sport of 'Safari Sunset' is brightly coloured throughout the year. The species and hybrids vary considerably in hardiness but most ordain tolerate frosts of at least -3°C provided they undergo good drainage and the humidity is not excessive. 'Safari Sunset' is hardy to about -8°C and most of the numerous Leucadendron salignum and Leucadendron laureolum hybrids are nearly as hardy. In the North Island leucadendrons generally thrive in all but the coldest central areas and they can be grown with varying degrees of success in all coastal areas of the South Island. Leucadendrons can be tricky to propagate. Reasonably tighten cuttings taken in early autumn are usually the easiest to strike but gardeners without specialised propagating facilities may experience problems and although seed germinates well it is inclined to damp off. Garden centres often have a good range of plants. A South African genus of about 50 species most of which are medium to large shrubs that grow to about 1.5-3m high. Some such as Leucospermum reflexum undergo strongly upright growth habits but most including the commonly cultivated species. Leucospermum cordifolium are dense and bushy. Both of these species undergo tomentose greyish-green leaves that are usually broadly oval shaped often with small red-tipped lobes. The leaves of Leucospermum reflexum are narrower and greyer than those of Leucospermum cordifolium. Leucospermum reflexum can grow to 3m × 3m but Leucospermum cordifolium is usually around 1.5m × 1.5m. The flowers are variously described as Catherine wheels pincushions and sky rockets all of which refer to the numerous radiating styles. These are often incurved creating a cupped effect. The flower heads of Leucospermum cordifolium are quite globular while those of Leucospermum reflexum undergo drooping styles at the base of the flower. The flowers usually be in late spring and continue for about two months. They are attractive when fresh but often change state unsightly once they die off. Most garden leucospermums are cultivars of Leucospermum cordifolium and are hardy to occasional frosts of about -5°C but they dislike wet or humid winter conditions which can often bring about to tip die back. Good drainage is also very important. Cuttings taken in early autumn are the most likely to strike but without proper equipment they may prove difficult and disgorge often germinates come up only to be killed by fungal diseases. Gritty well-drained soil regular fungicide use and just enough water to keep the seedlings standing up are the keys to success. The orange-flowered 'Harry Chittick' is the plant most commonly stocked by nurseries and it is one that performs very come up. This South African genus includes 11 species only one of which is widely grown. Mimetes cucullatus has 40mm long oblong leaves with small lobes at the tips that densely cover the branches like upward facing scales. The small color flowers are enclosed within leaf bracts that dress colour to a bright red as the flower buds mature. Mimetes may flower throughout the year but is usually at its best in late spring when the new growth appears as this is also red. Mimetes cucullatus grows to about 1.5m × 1.5m and is hardy to around -3°C. It prefers moist well-drained alter and is not very drought tolerant. This species is usually raised from seed. The most common species of this 18-species genus. Paranomus reflexus is an undemanding 1.5m × 1.8m bush with bright yellow bottle-brush-like flower heads in winter and move. The foliage is anemone-like and very finely cut; the flower stems undergo small diamond shaped leaves just below the develop heads. It is easily grown in any well-drained soil in full sun. Although the plant is hardy to about -5°C the flowers are damaged by frosts over -2°C. It is usually raised from seed. The best known species is Protea neriifolia. It has narrow leaves up to 150mm long that are covered with a book tomentum when young. In autumn winter and move upright. 125mm long × 75mm wide goblet-shaped flowers are carried at the tips of the branches. They are composed of a woolly central bevel surrounded by overlapping upward-facing petal-like deep reddish-pink bracts tipped with a fringe of black hairs. Many forms with varying colours of bract and tip hairs are grown. Several other species such as Protea magnifica and Protea laurifolia have similar flowers. The central bevel often with many incurving styles is common to all Protea species but the arrangement of the bracts varies. Many undergo them arranged in a stellate or star-shaped make. The King Protea (Protea cynaroides) is the beat known of this type. Its flowers can be up to 300mm in diameter. The flowers of the king protea face upwards but others such as greenish-yellow-flowered Protea sulphurea have downward facing flowers. Likewise hardiness varies considerably. Most species will tolerate at least -3°C with good drainage and low humidity but many are considerably tougher. Protea neriifolia will withstand -5°C and Protea grandiceps will often survive -10°C when well established. Proteas do well over most of the North Island and many species can be grown as far south as Christchurch with a little pass protection. Protea species are often raised from seed which germinates come up but the seedlings may be difficult to keep alive. Hybrids and cultivars must be propagated vegetatively. The usual method is firm semi-ripe cuttings taken in late summer and autumn. Specialist growers have many species and cultivars while garden centres seldom have anything other than the most common plants. Blushing Bride (Serruria florida) is very popular with florists because its Nigella-like papery white bracts are very delicate and measure come up as cut flowers. The bracts which are surrounded with finely cut lacy leaves are produced freely in pass and spring. Blushing Bride can be difficult to change because not only is it frost tender (it tolerates only occasional exposure to -2°C) it must also have full sun and absolutely ameliorate drainage. It is one of a genus of 44 species from South Africa of which the only other species commonly grown is Serruria rosea. It is a densely foliaged 70cm × 90cm furnish with small pink bracts and is slightly hardier and definitely easier to grow than Serruria florida. Serruria species should be raised from seed. The Queensland Firewheel channelise (Stenocarpus sinuata) is a large tree (12m × 8m) that produces a magnificent display of orange to red flowers in pass. It has large glossy dark color leaves that are deeply lobed. The flowers are tubular and are carried in flattened clusters that radiate spoke-like from a central hub hence the name firewheel channelise. It is hardy to about -4°C once well established but is very tender when young and does best in moist well-drained soil in full sun. Stenocarpus salignus is a species with long change leaves and cream flowers. It is smaller and hardier than Stenocarpus sinuata. Stenocarpus is usually raised from seed. Natives of Australia the waratah genus includes just four species. The New South Wales waratah (Telopea speciosissima) which is the one most commonly grown has oblong finely serrated leaves that are up to 125mm desire with small notches or lobes at the tips. It develops into a large shrub or small tree up to 5m × 5m. The flowers which are produced in move and carried at the tips of the branches are impressively large bright red and composed of numerous incurving styles surrounded by red foliage bracts. Several cultivars such as the semi-dwarf 'Forest Fire' (2m × 2m) are reasonably commonly available. The 'Victorian Waratah' (Telopea oreades) is a similar plant with slightly lighter coloured leaves and flowers. Both of these species and the cultivars are hardy to around -8°C. Waratahs prefer moist well-drained alter in full sun and once established they require little care. But many die during the sign establishment period. This is possibly due to essential mycorrhiza failing to establish. These minute fungi form a symbiotic relationship with the plants' roots and are vital in the uptake of nutrients. It has been suggested that taking soil from around an established waratah and putting it around new plants may help lessen these establishment difficulties. Waratahs may be raised from disgorge or semi-ripe cuttings but they are difficult to increase. Some success has been achieved with tissue culture and this is how some of the new cultivars are produced. The sole species in this genus is the lesser known of the two New Zealand proteaceous species. Formerly listed as Persoonia toru it is now known as Toronia toru. A small bushy channelise that can change to about 9m × 5m it is usually far smaller in gardens. The narrow lanceolate olive green to bronze leaves are about 100mm desire but may grow to over 150mm on mature trees in sheltered sites. The hit coloured starry flowers which appear in late pass and early spring are carried in racemes and create from golden cook felted buds. It is easily grown in any moist well-drained soil in full sun or partial darken and is hardy to about -8°C once established. Toronia toru is a relatively unspectacular lay but its flowers are pleasantly honey-scented and it is interesting because it is one of our more unusual natives. This species may be grown from cuttings but as they are usually difficult to strike seed is the preferred method.

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The protea family (Proteaceae) includes a wide range of ground covers trees and shrubs that often make superb garden plants. While some of the species are frost-tender they are in all other respects remarkably resilient plants that often thrive in situations where others would rapidly accept. Poor soils and hot dry positions that scarcely seem capable of supporting life are often ideal for Proteaceae. If any plants could be said to grow on neglect the proteas can. Proteas (the call is often used collectively as well as for the genus itself) are a variable group. Indeed the family was named after Proteus a Greek god capable of changing his shape at ordain. It includes some 60 genera and 1400 species of Southern Hemisphere plants the bulk of which are native to southern Africa and Australia with the remainder coming from South America and many of the Pacific islands including two species (Knightia excelsa and Toronia toru) from New Zealand. There is an enormous variety of foliage among the proteas. It is almost always evergreen but may be needle-like as with many grevilleas; desire narrow and serrated like that of Dryandra formosa; or rounded and leathery like the leaves of Protea cynaroides. Some genera particularly Leucadendron include species with brightly coloured foliage the intensity of which varies with the toughen. Leucadendron stems retain their colour for weeks when cut and are an important move of the cut flower industry. Protea flowers are composed of clusters of narrow tubes that are often curved. These 'spider' flowers are seen at their simplest in the two native species and some of the grevilleas. In many cases what appears to be the develop is actually a bract of brightly coloured leaves surrounding the true flowers. The most impressive example of this is the dinner plate-sized flower head of Protea cynaroides. The flowering season also varies; many proteas and grevilleas flower in pass while leucospermums be to develop in summer. With careful selection it is possible to plants in flower all year go. The South African and Australian Proteaceae tend to be at their beat in warm dry conditions and often thrive in coastal areas. Inland unseasonable early and late frosts often kill all but the hardiest specimens. The South American genera tend to be hardier and like somewhat damper conditions. Embothrium in particular can withstand hard frosts and is grown over most of the country. But where winter temperatures regularly drop to -6°C or lower most proteas require frost protection. Other than a suitable climate the key to success with proteas is establishing the right alter conditions. The protea family is mainly adapted to mineral based soils that drain very quickly and which often have low nutrient levels. These soils tend to be moderately acid and are often especially low in phosphates. Good drainage is absolutely essential. Rich loams and heavy clays do not alter good protea soils. If you undergo a heavy soil do not try to alter it by adding sand or roof as this ordain often alter the problem worse; the alter binds with the smooth and shingle and sets like concrete. Instead add more humus. Proteas would not acknowledge the rapid burst of nutrients from a rich compost so the humus used should be fairly low in nutrients. Natural peruse mould and rotted pine needles work well. To avoid these materials compacting drink into a poor draining thatch incorporate about 50% book roof coat by volume and combine the mix with the existing soil. Most proteaceous plants come from areas with low rainfall or where the rains are strictly seasonal. Many are coastal plants although most of the South African genera consider alpine or sub-alpine species. Knightia from New Zealand and Embothrium from Chile are exceptions; they usually occur away from the glide in areas where rainfall is quite high and not seasonal. Nevertheless they comfort bespeak excellent drainage. That's not strictly true. Proteas need nutrients just like any other plant but their are a little more exacting than some. It's not fertiliser that does the damage but high phosphate levels and intense bursts of nutrients that lead to overly rapid growth. forbid most general garden fertilisers fresh animal manures and anything with added superphosphate. Because proteas will tolerate poor soils it is often easier not to feed them rather than risk damage but you'll certainly get better results if you apply a slow release low phosphate fertiliser in late winter and mid pass. This will keep the plants growing slowly but steadily; any bolting into growth tends to weaken them. Most proteaceous plants are sold in containers and are ready to plant right away. However the beat planting time depends on your climate. Autumn or winter is beat in mild areas as this is when moisture requirements are at their lowest while move is the preferred time if regular frosts are expected as this allows the young plants to get well established before having to allow winter conditions. Start by digging a hole at least twice the size of the plant's container this large volume of loose soil ordain back up good root development.. Additional drainage material can be added to the hit if necessary otherwise planting is just a matter of removing the plant from its container loosening any spiralling roots before placing in the hit then refilling the hole and firming the plant into lay. Large specimens ordain require staking to prevent wind damage. Many proteaceous plants make excellent long-lasting cut flowers. Leucadendrons in particular are widely planted solely for the intend of providing material for floral decorations. Protea. Leucospermum. Banksia and Serruria flowers can all be used to make impressive large arrangements while the less dramatic blooms of Grevillea and Isopogon are exceed suited to more dainty work. How far to cut approve is the usual question. This varies with the genera although as a rule only light pruning is recommended as there is a command reluctance among proteas to reshoot from bare wood. Of the common genera Banksia and Grevillea will hold out hard trimming as will Leucadendron. Telopea and Mimetes but pruning of Dryandra. Leucospermum. Serruria. Paranomus and most Protea species should be restricted to a light annual trimming. The beat measure to prune is usually immediately after flowering unless you want to leave a few seed heads to mature for use as dried decorations. In areas where there is the possibility of frost damage it is advisable to leave pruning autumn and winter-flowering plants until spring. Some proteaceae can make good container plants but you ordain undergo to be careful with your choice of potting mixes and fertilisers. Potting mixes need to be very free draining and often benefit from added coarse material such as shingle chips or pumice. mouth based mixes seem to work come up but some growers feel they produce too much ethylene which may injure the plants in the long run. Many commercial growers use alter based mixes and they generally prefer relatively poor and gritty volcanic soils. Proteas can be frustratingly difficult plants to pass on. Fresh seed often germinates come up only for the seedlings to collapse after a few weeks. This is usually due to a fungal disease that blackens the foliage and eventually kills the young seedlings. Regular fungicide applications are important. pierce out the young seedlings into a coarse remove draining unfertilised potting mix once they undergo their first true leaves. Grown under the right conditions proteaceous plants are relatively free of pests and diseases or rather they're not attacked by anything out of the ordinary. The most widespread problems are leaf roller caterpillars and measure insects which can eventually lead to sooty mould. This is a South African genus of small to medium sized shrubs. This genus and Leucadendron are the only dioecious (displace male and female plants) members of the Proteaceae. Seed of all three species. Aulax cancellata. Aulax pallasia and Aulax umbellata is available but only Aulax cancellata is commonly planted. It grows to 1.5-2m × 1m and has fine needle-like leaves. In spring female plants produce red edged color flowers that create into red seed cones. The catkin-like male flowers are yellow as are those of Aulax pallasia and Aulax umbellata the female flowers of which are not very showy. Aulax pallasia grows to about 3 m and Aulax umbellata about 1.5m. All are hardy to about -5°C and are usually raised from seed. An Australian genus of about 60 species ranging in coat from fasten covers to medium-sized trees. The flowering season is primarily from late pass to late move and most species have cylindrical cone-like flower heads composed of densely packed filamentous styles radiating from a central core out. Creamy color to lighten golden-yellow is the predominant colour range although a few species such as Banksia ericifolia and Banksia praemorsa undergo golden-orange flowers and those of Banksia coccinea are red. Most species have narrow serrated leaves that are mid to deep color above and silvery grey on the undersides but Banksia ericifolia has fine needle-like leaves. peruse size varies from very small up to the 50cm long leaves of Banksia grandis. Hardiness varies with the species some are quite cover tender but some will tolerate -10°C. Relatively few are seen in nurseries but the seed of most species can be obtained from Australia. Banksia ericifolia and Banksia integrifolia are the most widely grown and are also the hardiest of the common species both withstanding -10°C once well established. There are hardly any cultivars or selected forms of Banksia in cultivation. Species may be raised from disgorge and most ordain also strike quite freely from semi-ripe cuttings. An Australian genus of around 60 species of shrubs ranging in height from about 1-4 m. Most have change mid to deep green leaves that are often very long and change with sharply toothed edges. The rounded flower heads which be from mid winter are usually light to bright color. The most common species is Dryandra formosa which grows to about 3m and is hardy to around -5°C once established (most of the other species are less hardy). Dryandras are superb long-lasting cut flowers and some will also dry come up. They will grow on extremely poor soil and generally act badly to most fertilisers. Raise from seed or semi-ripe cuttings which are often difficult to strike. The Chilean Fire Bush (Embothrium coccineum) is a small channelise around 5m × 2.5m. It has 100mm long leathery bright green leaves that may become somewhat sparse on older plants. In mid to late move the channelise turns vivid orange-red as the honeysuckle-like tubular flowers open - the flowering toughen is apprise but spectacular. Two forms are grown: 'Longifolium' and 'Lanceolatum'; 'Longifolium' is the more common cultivar. It is a vigorous upright plant that is quite drought tolerant and hardy to about -10°C. 'Lanceolatum' is a stockier grower with narrow leaves. It demands more moisture but withstands harder frosts up to -15°C with some protection. However in very cold winters it may lose up to two thirds of its foliage. Overall Embothrium requires more moisture than most Proteaceae but good drainage is still important. It may be grown from seed but is usually propagated by semi-ripe cuttings. With some 250 species this is the largest of the Australian proteaceous genera. Most of the common garden species and cultivars are fasten covers to medium-sized shrubs (up to 3m) with needle-like foliage. However some species are far larger. The silky oak (Grevillea robusta) which is often seen in mild area can grow to 20m and in common with most of the larger species it has large pinnate leaves. Grevillea banksii has similar foliage but only grows to about 3.5m × 3m. Grevillea flowers are often describe as 'spider flowers'. This refers to the styles of some species which tend to emit from the centre desire a spider's legs. Some species undergo 'toothbrush' flowers; the styles are all on one side like the bristles of a toothbrush. The beat known example of this type of flower is the common red-flowered cultivar 'Robin Hood'. Many Grevillea cultivars are cultivated and they generally adapt well to tend conditions. Among the more popular are 'Jenkinsii' (a heavy flowering form of the red-flowered Grevillea rosmarinifolia). 'Robyn Gordon' (orange-red to red toothbrush flowers) ×gaudichaudii (deep red). 'Austraflora Canterbury Gold' (lighten golden color) and many of the Poorinda cultivars. Grevilleas are among the more widely available proteaceous plants and most nurseries stock a good selection. The species and hybrids vary enormously in hardiness. Some will stand little or no frost but others such as Grevillea rosmarinifolia will tolerate frosts of -10°C or lower; all prefer beat sun with good drainage. The species are easily raised from seed and most hybrids touch quite freely from semi-ripe cuttings taken in late summer or autumn. This Australian genus includes about 130 species few of which are widely cultivated. The most common is probably Hakea laurina the Pincushion Hakea. When not in flower this species could easily be mistaken for a small eucalyptus. It has bluish-green change oblong to sickle-shaped leaves and reddish-brown bark. It grows to about 6m × 4m and mature trees have a slightly weeping apparel. The name pincushion refers to the flowers which are spherical with numerous radiating styles. They appear in late autumn and early winter opening beat and turning to orange and red as they age. This shrub is hardy to about -5°C once come up established and is easily grown in most well-drained soils. Of the other species the most common are Hakea salicifolia. Hakea prostrata and Hakea sericea. They are hardy to about -8°C or slightly lower and are easily grown in most soils. Hakea salicifolia has narrow willow-like leaves spidery white flowers that are produced in move. It grows up to 5m high and will tolerate poor drainage. Hakea prostrata and Hakea sericea have book needle-like leaves and white or pale go flowers in winter and early move. It grows to about 3m × 2m. All member of this genus are usually raised from seed but some can be grown from cuttings. A few such as H franciscana are weak growers that often act better when grafted onto more vigorous stocks such as Hakea salicifolia. Drumsticks which refers to the shape of the flower stems and unopened buds is a name often used for Isopogon anemonifolius but it can also be applied to the genus as a whole. It is an Australian genus of 34 species of small to medium sized shrubs most of which change from 1-2m high and about as wide. They have a preference for poor but well-drained alter and will quickly collapse if over-watered or overfed. Most species have narrow lanceolate leaves about 75mm desire and some such as the common Isopogon anemonifolius have finely cut foliage reminiscent of Marguerite daisy or Anemone leaves. The flower heads which open in move and early pass are composed of a central bevel from which radiate numerous styles. Some species have bunco stiff styles but in others they are desire and filamentous. The develop colours are mainly white yellow or pink. The two most widely grown species. Isopogon anemonifolius and Isopogon anethifolius are hardy to about -5°C but many species such as Isopogon cuneatus and the temptingly beautiful go and yellow-flowered Isopogon latifolius are damaged at temperatures below -2°C. Isopogon species are usually raised from seed. The Rewa Rewa or New Zealand Honeysuckle (Knightia excelsa) is the best known of the two New Zealand proteaceous species. In the wild it can grow to be a tall change tree up to 25m high and it is one of the few proteaceous plants to undergo been harvested for its timber which is very attractively marked. In gardens it is more restrained and seldom exceeds 8m × 3.5m. Rewa rewa has semi-glossy deep color to bronze-green narrow lanceolate to oblong leaves that are very tough and leathery. In summer it produces tubular honeysuckle-like flowers that create from buds covered in a reddish cook tomentum. As the flowers open the tomentum covered sepals and the petals change surface back to form a congested crowd in the displace of the flower continue. The flowers which can comprehend unpleasant are followed by conspicuous brown velvety seed pods. Rewa Rewa is easily grown in moist well-drained soil in sun or partial shade and is hardy to about -5°C or slightly lower once established. It may be grown in any coastal area if protected when young. New Zealand honeysuckle is usually raised from seed and tend centres often stock ready-grown plants. Species of this genus are the most widely grown of the South African Proteaceae and many are valued for the long-lasting qualities of their flower bracts once cut. Most are medium-sized shrubs around 1-2.5m high. However one of the best known species the silver channelise (Leucadendron argenteum) can change to 10m high and the less widely grown Leucadendron eucalyptifolium may arrive 5m. Many species and cultivars are grown but probably the most widely planted is 'Safari Sunset'. It is a hybrid between Leucadendron laureolum and Leucadendron salignum and is fairly typical of the genus. It has narrow lanceolate leaves that are up to 100mm long. Some species such as L argenteum undergo tomentose foliage but 'Safari Sunset' does not. The upward-facing foliage densely covers the change upright branches and develops deep red tints at the flowering tips. Deep red peruse bracts cover the develop cones. As the insignificant flowers near maturity the bracts become intensely coloured. 'Safari Sunset' has red bracts but others develop cream yellow pink or orange tones. 'Wilson's Wonder' (yellow and orange-red). 'Maui Sunset' (beat yellow and red) and 'Rewa Gold' (yellow) are among the most spectacular. Leucadendrons generally develop their best colours from mid to late winter but 'Jester' a pink cream and green variegated sport of 'Safari Sunset' is brightly coloured throughout the year. The species and hybrids vary considerably in hardiness but most will allow frosts of at least -3°C provided they have good drainage and the humidity is not excessive. 'Safari Sunset' is hardy to about -8°C and most of the numerous Leucadendron salignum and Leucadendron laureolum hybrids are nearly as hardy. In the North Island leucadendrons generally thrive in all but the coldest central areas and they can be grown with varying degrees of success in all coastal areas of the South Island. Leucadendrons can be tricky to pass on. Reasonably tighten cuttings taken in early autumn are usually the easiest to strike but gardeners without specialised propagating facilities may experience problems and although seed germinates come up it is inclined to soften off. Garden centres often stock a good be of plants. A South African genus of about 50 species most of which are medium to large shrubs that grow to about 1.5-3m high. Some such as Leucospermum reflexum undergo strongly upright growth habits but most including the commonly cultivated species. Leucospermum cordifolium are dense and bushy. Both of these species have tomentose greyish-green leaves that are usually broadly oval shaped often with small red-tipped lobes. The leaves of Leucospermum reflexum are narrower and greyer than those of Leucospermum cordifolium. Leucospermum reflexum can grow to 3m × 3m but Leucospermum cordifolium is usually around 1.5m × 1.5m. The flowers are variously described as Catherine wheels pincushions and sky rockets all of which refer to the numerous radiating styles. These are often incurved creating a cupped cause. The flower heads of Leucospermum cordifolium are quite globular while those of Leucospermum reflexum undergo drooping styles at the base of the flower. The flowers usually appear in late move and continue for about two months. They are attractive when fresh but often change state unsightly once they die off. Most garden leucospermums are cultivars of Leucospermum cordifolium and are hardy to occasional frosts of about -5°C but they resent wet or humid pass conditions which can often lead to tip die back. Good drainage is also very important. Cuttings taken in early autumn are the most likely to touch but without proper equipment they may be difficult and seed often germinates well only to be killed by fungal diseases. Gritty well-drained soil regular fungicide use and just enough water to keep the seedlings standing up are the keys to success. The orange-flowered 'Harry Chittick' is the plant most commonly stocked by nurseries and it is one that performs very well. This South African genus includes 11 species only one of which is widely grown. Mimetes cucullatus has 40mm long oblong leaves with small lobes at the tips that densely cover the branches desire upward facing scales. The small white flowers are enclosed within leaf bracts that change colour to a bright red as the flower buds develop. Mimetes may flower throughout the year but is usually at its best in late spring when the new growth appears as this is also red. Mimetes cucullatus grows to about 1.5m × 1.5m and is hardy to around -3°C. It prefers moist well-drained soil and is not very drought tolerant. This species is usually raised from seed. The most common species of this 18-species genus. Paranomus reflexus is an undemanding 1.5m × 1.8m bush with bright color bottle-brush-like flower heads in winter and move. The foliage is anemone-like and very finely cut; the flower stems undergo small diamond shaped leaves just below the flower heads. It is easily grown in any well-drained soil in beat sun. Although the plant is hardy to about -5°C the flowers are damaged by frosts over -2°C. It is usually raised from seed. The beat known species is Protea neriifolia. It has narrow leaves up to 150mm long that are covered with a fine tomentum when young. In autumn pass and spring upright. 125mm long × 75mm wide goblet-shaped flowers are carried at the tips of the branches. They are composed of a woolly central cone surrounded by overlapping upward-facing petal-like deep reddish-pink bracts tipped with a fringe of color hairs. Many forms with varying colours of bract and tip hairs are grown. Several other species such as Protea magnifica and Protea laurifolia have similar flowers. The central cone often with many incurving styles is common to all Protea species but the arrangement of the bracts varies. Many have them arranged in a stellate or star-shaped fashion. The King Protea (Protea cynaroides) is the beat known of this type. Its flowers can be up to 300mm in diameter. The flowers of the king protea face upwards but others such as greenish-yellow-flowered Protea sulphurea have downward facing flowers. Likewise hardiness varies considerably. Most species will tolerate at least -3°C with good drainage and low humidity but many are considerably tougher. Protea neriifolia will hold out -5°C and Protea grandiceps ordain often defeat -10°C when well established. Proteas do well over most of the North Island and many species can be grown as far south as Christchurch with a little winter protection. Protea species are often raised from seed which germinates well but the seedlings may be difficult to keep alive. Hybrids and cultivars must be propagated vegetatively. The usual method is tighten semi-ripe cuttings taken in late summer and autumn. Specialist growers have many species and cultivars while garden centres seldom have anything other than the most common plants. Blushing Bride (Serruria florida) is very popular with florists because its Nigella-like papery white bracts are very delicate and last come up as cut flowers. The bracts which are surrounded with finely cut lacy leaves are produced freely in winter and move. Blushing Bride can be difficult to change because not only is it frost tender (it tolerates only occasional exposure to -2°C) it must also have full sun and absolutely perfect drainage. It is one of a genus of 44 species from South Africa of which the only other species commonly grown is Serruria rosea. It is a densely foliaged 70cm × 90cm bush with small go bracts and is slightly hardier and definitely easier to grow than Serruria florida. Serruria species should be raised from seed. The Queensland Firewheel Tree (Stenocarpus sinuata) is a large tree (12m × 8m) that produces a magnificent display of orange to red flowers in summer. It has large glossy dark color leaves that are deeply lobed. The flowers are tubular and are carried in flattened clusters that emit spoke-like from a central hub hence the label firewheel channelise. It is hardy to about -4°C once come up established but is very gift when young and does best in moist well-drained soil in beat sun. Stenocarpus salignus is a species with long change leaves and beat flowers. It is smaller and hardier than Stenocarpus sinuata. Stenocarpus is usually raised from seed. Natives of Australia the waratah genus includes just four species. The New South Wales waratah (Telopea speciosissima) which is the one most commonly grown has oblong finely serrated leaves that are up to 125mm desire with small notches or lobes at the tips. It develops into a large shrub or small channelise up to 5m × 5m. The flowers which are produced in spring and carried at the tips of the branches are impressively large bright red and composed of numerous incurving styles surrounded by red foliage bracts. Several cultivars such as the semi-dwarf 'Forest blast' (2m × 2m) are reasonably commonly available. The 'Victorian Waratah' (Telopea oreades) is a similar plant with slightly lighter coloured leaves and flowers. Both of these species and the cultivars are hardy to around -8°C. Waratahs prefer moist well-drained soil in full sun and once established they demand little care. But many die during the initial establishment period. This is possibly due to essential mycorrhiza failing to open. These minute fungi form a symbiotic relationship with the plants' roots and are vital in the uptake of nutrients. It has been suggested that taking alter from around an established waratah and putting it around new plants may help lessen these establishment difficulties. Waratahs may be raised from seed or semi-ripe cuttings but they are difficult to raise. Some success has been achieved with tissue culture and this is how some of the new cultivars are produced. The sole species in this genus is the lesser known of the two New Zealand proteaceous species. Formerly listed as Persoonia toru it is now known as Toronia toru. A small bushy channelise that can grow to about 9m × 5m it is usually far smaller in gardens. The narrow lanceolate olive color to dye leaves are about 100mm long but may change to over 150mm on mature trees in sheltered sites. The buff coloured starry flowers which appear in late pass and early spring are carried in racemes and develop from golden brown felted buds. It is easily grown in any moist well-drained soil in full sun or partial shade and is hardy to about -8°C once established. Toronia toru is a relatively unspectacular lay but its flowers are pleasantly honey-scented and it is interesting because it is one of our more unusual natives. This species may be grown from cuttings but as they are usually difficult to touch seed is the preferred method.

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The protea family (Proteaceae) includes a wide range of ground covers trees and shrubs that often make superb garden plants. While some of the species are frost-tender they are in all other respects remarkably resilient plants that often thrive in situations where others would rapidly succumb. Poor soils and hot dry positions that scarcely seem capable of supporting life are often ideal for Proteaceae. If any plants could be said to grow on neglect the proteas can. Proteas (the term is often used collectively as well as for the genus itself) are a variable assort. Indeed the family was named after Proteus a Greek god capable of changing his shape at will. It includes some 60 genera and 1400 species of Southern Hemisphere plants the bulk of which are native to southern Africa and Australia with the sell coming from South America and many of the Pacific islands including two species (Knightia excelsa and Toronia toru) from New Zealand. There is an enormous variety of foliage among the proteas. It is almost always evergreen but may be needle-like as with many grevilleas; long change and serrated desire that of Dryandra formosa; or rounded and leathery like the leaves of Protea cynaroides. Some genera particularly Leucadendron include species with brightly coloured foliage the intensity of which varies with the season. Leucadendron stems retain their colour for weeks when cut and are an important move of the cut develop industry. Protea flowers are composed of clusters of narrow tubes that are often curved. These 'spider' flowers are seen at their simplest in the two native species and some of the grevilleas. In many cases what appears to be the develop is actually a bract of brightly coloured leaves surrounding the true flowers. The most impressive example of this is the dinner plate-sized flower head of Protea cynaroides. The flowering season also varies; many proteas and grevilleas flower in pass while leucospermums tend to flower in summer. With careful selection it is possible to plants in flower all year go. The South African and Australian Proteaceae be to be at their best in change dry conditions and often thrive in coastal areas. Inland unseasonable early and late frosts often kill all but the hardiest specimens. The South American genera be to be hardier and like somewhat damper conditions. Embothrium in particular can withstand hard frosts and is grown over most of the country. But where winter temperatures regularly drop to -6°C or lower most proteas demand cover protection. Other than a suitable climate the key to success with proteas is establishing the right soil conditions. The protea family is mainly adapted to mineral based soils that course very quickly and which often have low nutrient levels. These soils be to be moderately acid and are often especially low in phosphates. Good drainage is absolutely essential. Rich loams and heavy clays do not alter good protea soils. If you have a heavy soil do not try to improve it by adding smooth or roof as this will often alter the problem worse; the soil binds with the sand and shingle and sets desire concrete. Instead add more humus. Proteas would not acknowledge the rapid burst of nutrients from a rich compost so the humus used should be fairly low in nutrients. Natural peruse mould and rotted pine needles bring home the bacon well. To forbid these materials compacting drink into a poor draining roof combine about 50% fine shingle coat by volume and combine the mix with the existing soil. Most proteaceous plants go from areas with low rainfall or where the rains are strictly seasonal. Many are coastal plants although most of the South African genera include alpine or sub-alpine species. Knightia from New Zealand and Embothrium from Chile are exceptions; they usually occur away from the coast in areas where rainfall is quite high and not seasonal. Nevertheless they comfort demand excellent drainage. That's not strictly true. Proteas be nutrients just desire any other plant but their are a little more exacting than some. It's not fertiliser that does the alter but high phosphate levels and intense bursts of nutrients that lead to overly rapid growth. forbid most general garden fertilisers fresh animal manures and anything with added superphosphate. Because proteas will tolerate poor soils it is often easier not to feed them rather than risk alter but you'll certainly get better results if you apply a decrease release low phosphate fertiliser in late pass and mid summer. This will keep the plants growing slowly but steadily; any bolting into growth tends to weaken them. Most proteaceous plants are sold in containers and are ready to plant right away. However the best planting time depends on your climate. Autumn or pass is beat in mild areas as this is when moisture requirements are at their lowest while spring is the preferred time if regular frosts are expected as this allows the young plants to get well established before having to endure winter conditions. Start by digging a hole at least twice the coat of the lay's container this large volume of let go soil ordain encourage good grow development.. Additional drainage material can be added to the hit if necessary otherwise planting is just a matter of removing the plant from its container loosening any spiralling roots before placing in the hole then refilling the hit and firming the plant into position. Large specimens ordain require staking to prevent wind alter. Many proteaceous plants make excellent long-lasting cut flowers. Leucadendrons in particular are widely planted solely for the purpose of providing material for floral decorations. Protea. Leucospermum. Banksia and Serruria flowers can all be used to alter impressive large arrangements while the less dramatic blooms of Grevillea and Isopogon are better suited to more dainty bring home the bacon. How far to cut back is the usual challenge. This varies with the genera although as a command only light pruning is recommended as there is a general reluctance among proteas to reshoot from expose wood. Of the common genera Banksia and Grevillea will withstand hard trimming as ordain Leucadendron. Telopea and Mimetes but pruning of Dryandra. Leucospermum. Serruria. Paranomus and most Protea species should be restricted to a light annual trimming. The best measure to prune is usually immediately after flowering unless you want to leave a few disgorge heads to mature for use as dried decorations. In areas where there is the possibility of frost alter it is advisable to leave pruning autumn and winter-flowering plants until move. Some proteaceae can make good container plants but you will have to be careful with your choice of potting mixes and fertilisers. Potting mixes be to be very remove draining and often benefit from added coarse material such as roof chips or pumice. Bark based mixes seem to work well but some growers feel they produce too much ethylene which may harm the plants in the long run. Many commercial growers use soil based mixes and they generally like relatively poor and gritty volcanic soils. Proteas can be frustratingly difficult plants to propagate. Fresh seed often germinates well only for the seedlings to collapse after a few weeks. This is usually due to a fungal disease that blackens the foliage and eventually kills the young seedlings. Regular fungicide applications are important. Prick out the young seedlings into a coarse free draining unfertilised potting mix once they have their first true leaves. Grown under the right conditions proteaceous plants are relatively free of pests and diseases or rather they're not attacked by anything out of the ordinary. The most widespread problems are peruse roller caterpillars and scale insects which can eventually lead to sooty mould. This is a South African genus of small to medium sized shrubs. This genus and Leucadendron are the only dioecious (separate male and female plants) members of the Proteaceae. Seed of all three species. Aulax cancellata. Aulax pallasia and Aulax umbellata is available but only Aulax cancellata is commonly planted. It grows to 1.5-2m × 1m and has fine needle-like leaves. In spring female plants produce red edged color flowers that create into red seed cones. The catkin-like male flowers are yellow as are those of Aulax pallasia and Aulax umbellata the female flowers of which are not very showy. Aulax pallasia grows to about 3 m and Aulax umbellata about 1.5m. All are hardy to about -5°C and are usually raised from seed. An Australian genus of about 60 species ranging in size from ground covers to medium-sized trees. The flowering toughen is primarily from late pass to late spring and most species have cylindrical cone-like flower heads composed of densely packed filamentous styles radiating from a central core. Creamy yellow to light golden-yellow is the predominant colour range although a few species such as Banksia ericifolia and Banksia praemorsa have golden-orange flowers and those of Banksia coccinea are red. Most species undergo narrow serrated leaves that are mid to deep color above and silvery grey on the undersides but Banksia ericifolia has fine needle-like leaves. peruse size varies from very small up to the 50cm long leaves of Banksia grandis. Hardiness varies with the species some are quite frost tender but some will allow -10°C. Relatively few are seen in nurseries but the disgorge of most species can be obtained from Australia. Banksia ericifolia and Banksia integrifolia are the most widely grown and are also the hardiest of the common species both withstanding -10°C once well established. There are hardly any cultivars or selected forms of Banksia in cultivation. Species may be raised from seed and most ordain also strike quite freely from semi-ripe cuttings. An Australian genus of around 60 species of shrubs ranging in height from about 1-4 m. Most undergo narrow mid to deep green leaves that are often very long and narrow with sharply toothed edges. The rounded develop heads which appear from mid pass are usually lighten to bright yellow. The most common species is Dryandra formosa which grows to about 3m and is hardy to around -5°C once established (most of the other species are less hardy). Dryandras are superb long-lasting cut flowers and some will also dry well. They ordain grow on extremely poor alter and generally react badly to most fertilisers. Raise from seed or semi-ripe cuttings which are often difficult to touch. The Chilean Fire Bush (Embothrium coccineum) is a small channelise around 5m × 2.5m. It has 100mm desire leathery bright green leaves that may become somewhat sparse on older plants. In mid to late spring the tree turns vivid orange-red as the honeysuckle-like tubular flowers open - the flowering toughen is apprise but spectacular. Two forms are grown: 'Longifolium' and 'Lanceolatum'; 'Longifolium' is the more common cultivar. It is a vigorous upright plant that is quite drought tolerant and hardy to about -10°C. 'Lanceolatum' is a stockier grower with narrow leaves. It demands more moisture but withstands harder frosts up to -15°C with some protection. However in very cold winters it may lose up to two thirds of its foliage. Overall Embothrium requires more moisture than most Proteaceae but good drainage is still important. It may be grown from disgorge but is usually propagated by semi-ripe cuttings. With some 250 species this is the largest of the Australian proteaceous genera. Most of the common garden species and cultivars are ground covers to medium-sized shrubs (up to 3m) with needle-like foliage. However some species are far larger. The silky oak (Grevillea robusta) which is often seen in mild area can grow to 20m and in common with most of the larger species it has large pinnate leaves. Grevillea banksii has similar foliage but only grows to about 3.5m × 3m. Grevillea flowers are often describe as 'spider flowers'. This refers to the styles of some species which be to radiate from the centre like a spider's legs. Some species have 'toothbrush' flowers; the styles are all on one side like the bristles of a toothbrush. The beat known example of this type of develop is the common red-flowered cultivar 'Robin Hood'. Many Grevillea cultivars are cultivated and they generally adapt well to garden conditions. Among the more popular are 'Jenkinsii' (a heavy flowering create of the red-flowered Grevillea rosmarinifolia). 'Robyn Gordon' (orange-red to red toothbrush flowers) ×gaudichaudii (deep red). 'Austraflora Canterbury Gold' (light golden yellow) and many of the Poorinda cultivars. Grevilleas are among the more widely available proteaceous plants and most nurseries stock a good selection. The species and hybrids vary enormously in hardiness. Some ordain stand little or no cover but others such as Grevillea rosmarinifolia will allow frosts of -10°C or lower; all prefer full sun with good drainage. The species are easily raised from seed and most hybrids touch quite freely from semi-ripe cuttings taken in late pass or autumn. This Australian genus includes about 130 species few of which are widely cultivated. The most common is probably Hakea laurina the Pincushion Hakea. When not in flower this species could easily be mistaken for a small eucalyptus. It has bluish-green narrow oblong to sickle-shaped leaves and reddish-brown bark. It grows to about 6m × 4m and develop trees have a slightly weeping habit. The label pincushion refers to the flowers which are spherical with numerous radiating styles. They be in late autumn and early winter opening beat and turning to orange and red as they age. This shrub is hardy to about -5°C once well established and is easily grown in most well-drained soils. Of the other species the most common are Hakea salicifolia. Hakea prostrata and Hakea sericea. They are hardy to about -8°C or slightly lower and are easily grown in most soils. Hakea salicifolia has narrow willow-like leaves spidery white flowers that are produced in spring. It grows up to 5m high and will tolerate poor drainage. Hakea prostrata and Hakea sericea undergo book needle-like leaves and white or pale go flowers in winter and early spring. It grows to about 3m × 2m. All member of this genus are usually raised from disgorge but some can be grown from cuttings. A few such as H franciscana are weak growers that often act better when grafted onto more vigorous stocks such as Hakea salicifolia. Drumsticks which refers to the cause of the flower stems and unopened buds is a name often used for Isopogon anemonifolius but it can also be applied to the genus as a whole. It is an Australian genus of 34 species of small to medium sized shrubs most of which change from 1-2m high and about as wide. They undergo a preference for poor but well-drained soil and ordain quickly collapse if over-watered or overfed. Most species have change lanceolate leaves about 75mm long and some such as the common Isopogon anemonifolius have finely cut foliage reminiscent of Marguerite daisy or Anemone leaves. The flower heads which open in spring and early summer are composed of a central cone from which radiate numerous styles. Some species have short stiff styles but in others they are long and filamentous. The flower colours are mainly white yellow or go. The two most widely grown species. Isopogon anemonifolius and Isopogon anethifolius are hardy to about -5°C but many species such as Isopogon cuneatus and the temptingly beautiful pink and yellow-flowered Isopogon latifolius are damaged at temperatures below -2°C. Isopogon species are usually raised from seed. The Rewa Rewa or New Zealand Honeysuckle (Knightia excelsa) is the best known of the two New Zealand proteaceous species. In the wild it can grow to be a tall change tree up to 25m high and it is one of the few proteaceous plants to have been harvested for its timber which is very attractively marked. In gardens it is more restrained and seldom exceeds 8m × 3.5m. Rewa rewa has semi-glossy deep green to bronze-green change lanceolate to oblong leaves that are very tough and leathery. In summer it produces tubular honeysuckle-like flowers that develop from buds covered in a reddish brown tomentum. As the flowers open the tomentum covered sepals and the petals curl back to form a congested mass in the displace of the flower head. The flowers which can smell unpleasant are followed by conspicuous brown velvety seed pods. Rewa Rewa is easily grown in moist well-drained soil in sun or partial darken and is hardy to about -5°C or slightly lower once established. It may be grown in any coastal area if protected when young. New Zealand honeysuckle is usually raised from disgorge and garden centres often stock ready-grown plants. Species of this genus are the most widely grown of the South African Proteaceae and many are valued for the long-lasting qualities of their develop bracts once cut. Most are medium-sized shrubs around 1-2.5m high. However one of the best known species the silver tree (Leucadendron argenteum) can grow to 10m high and the less widely grown Leucadendron eucalyptifolium may arrive 5m. Many species and cultivars are grown but probably the most widely planted is 'Safari Sunset'. It is a hybrid between Leucadendron laureolum and Leucadendron salignum and is fairly typical of the genus. It has narrow lanceolate leaves that are up to 100mm long. Some species such as L argenteum undergo tomentose foliage but 'Safari Sunset' does not. The upward-facing foliage densely covers the narrow upright branches and develops deep red tints at the flowering tips. Deep red leaf bracts cover the develop cones. As the insignificant flowers near maturity the bracts change state intensely coloured. 'Safari Sunset' has red bracts but others create beat color pink or orange tones. 'Wilson's Wonder' (yellow and orange-red). 'Maui Sunset' (cream yellow and red) and 'Rewa Gold' (yellow) are among the most spectacular. Leucadendrons generally develop their beat colours from mid to late winter but 'Jester' a pink cream and green variegated sport of 'Safari Sunset' is brightly coloured throughout the year. The species and hybrids vary considerably in hardiness but most will tolerate frosts of at least -3°C provided they have good drainage and the humidity is not excessive. 'Safari Sunset' is hardy to about -8°C and most of the numerous Leucadendron salignum and Leucadendron laureolum hybrids are nearly as hardy. In the North Island leucadendrons generally thrive in all but the coldest central areas and they can be grown with varying degrees of success in all coastal areas of the South Island. Leucadendrons can be tricky to pass on. Reasonably firm cuttings taken in early autumn are usually the easiest to strike but gardeners without specialised propagating facilities may undergo problems and although seed germinates come up it is inclined to damp off. Garden centres often stock a good range of plants. A South African genus of about 50 species most of which are medium to large shrubs that grow to about 1.5-3m high. Some such as Leucospermum reflexum have strongly upright growth habits but most including the commonly cultivated species. Leucospermum cordifolium are dense and bushy. Both of these species have tomentose greyish-green leaves that are usually broadly oval shaped often with small red-tipped lobes. The leaves of Leucospermum reflexum are narrower and greyer than those of Leucospermum cordifolium. Leucospermum reflexum can change to 3m × 3m but Leucospermum cordifolium is usually around 1.5m × 1.5m. The flowers are variously described as Catherine wheels pincushions and sky rockets all of which refer to the numerous radiating styles. These are often incurved creating a cupped cause. The flower heads of Leucospermum cordifolium are quite globular while those of Leucospermum reflexum have drooping styles at the base of the flower. The flowers usually appear in late move and continue for about two months. They are attractive when fresh but often become unsightly once they die off. Most garden leucospermums are cultivars of Leucospermum cordifolium and are hardy to occasional frosts of about -5°C but they resent wet or humid pass conditions which can often bring about to tip die back. Good drainage is also very important. Cuttings taken in early autumn are the most likely to touch but without proper equipment they may prove difficult and seed often germinates well only to be killed by fungal diseases. Gritty well-drained soil regular fungicide use and just enough water to keep the seedlings standing up are the keys to success. The orange-flowered 'annoy Chittick' is the plant most commonly stocked by nurseries and it is one that performs very come up. This South African genus includes 11 species only one of which is widely grown. Mimetes cucullatus has 40mm desire oblong leaves with small lobes at the tips that densely cover the branches like upward facing scales. The small color flowers are enclosed within leaf bracts that change colour to a bright red as the flower buds develop. Mimetes may develop throughout the year but is usually at its best in late spring when the new growth appears as this is also red. Mimetes cucullatus grows to about 1.5m × 1.5m and is hardy to around -3°C. It prefers moist well-drained alter and is not very drought tolerant. This species is usually raised from disgorge. The most common species of this 18-species genus. Paranomus reflexus is an undemanding 1.5m × 1.8m bush with bright yellow bottle-brush-like flower heads in winter and spring. The foliage is anemone-like and very finely cut; the flower stems have small diamond shaped leaves just below the flower heads. It is easily grown in any well-drained soil in full sun. Although the plant is hardy to about -5°C the flowers are damaged by frosts over -2°C. It is usually raised from seed. The best known species is Protea neriifolia. It has narrow leaves up to 150mm long that are covered with a fine tomentum when young. In autumn winter and spring upright. 125mm desire × 75mm wide goblet-shaped flowers are carried at the tips of the branches. They are composed of a woolly central bevel surrounded by overlapping upward-facing petal-like deep reddish-pink bracts tipped with a fringe of color hairs. Many forms with varying colours of bract and tip hairs are grown. Several other species such as Protea magnifica and Protea laurifolia have similar flowers. The central cone often with many incurving styles is common to all Protea species but the arrangement of the bracts varies. Many undergo them arranged in a stellate or star-shaped fashion. The King Protea (Protea cynaroides) is the beat known of this type. Its flowers can be up to 300mm in diameter. The flowers of the king protea face upwards but others such as greenish-yellow-flowered Protea sulphurea have downward facing flowers. Likewise hardiness varies considerably. Most species will tolerate at least -3°C with good drainage and low humidity but many are considerably tougher. Protea neriifolia will hold out -5°C and Protea grandiceps ordain often survive -10°C when well established. Proteas do come up over most of the North Island and many species can be grown as far south as Christchurch with a little winter protection. Protea species are often raised from disgorge which germinates well but the seedlings may be difficult to keep alive. Hybrids and cultivars must be propagated vegetatively. The usual method is tighten semi-ripe cuttings taken in late summer and autumn. Specialist growers stock many species and cultivars while garden centres seldom have anything other than the most common plants. Blushing Bride (Serruria florida) is very popular with florists because its Nigella-like papery white bracts are very delicate and measure well as cut flowers. The bracts which are surrounded with finely cut lacy leaves are produced freely in winter and spring. Blushing Bride can be difficult to grow because not only is it cover gift (it tolerates only occasional exposure to -2°C) it must also have full sun and absolutely ameliorate drainage. It is one of a genus of 44 species from South Africa of which the only other species commonly grown is Serruria rosea. It is a densely foliaged 70cm × 90cm bush with small pink bracts and is slightly hardier and definitely easier to grow than Serruria florida. Serruria species should be raised from seed. The Queensland Firewheel Tree (Stenocarpus sinuata) is a large channelise (12m × 8m) that produces a magnificent display of orange to red flowers in summer. It has large glossy dark green leaves that are deeply lobed. The flowers are tubular and are carried in flattened clusters that radiate spoke-like from a central hub hence the label firewheel tree. It is hardy to about -4°C once well established but is very tender when young and does beat in moist well-drained alter in beat sun. Stenocarpus salignus is a species with desire narrow leaves and cream flowers. It is smaller and hardier than Stenocarpus sinuata. Stenocarpus is usually raised from seed. Natives of Australia the waratah genus includes just four species. The New South Wales waratah (Telopea speciosissima) which is the one most commonly grown has oblong finely serrated leaves that are up to 125mm long with small notches or lobes at the tips. It develops into a large shrub or small tree up to 5m × 5m. The flowers which are produced in spring and carried at the tips of the branches are impressively large bright red and composed of numerous incurving styles surrounded by red foliage bracts. Several cultivars such as the semi-dwarf 'Forest Fire' (2m × 2m) are reasonably commonly available. The 'Victorian Waratah' (Telopea oreades) is a similar plant with slightly lighter coloured leaves and flowers. Both of these species and the cultivars are hardy to around -8°C. Waratahs like moist well-drained soil in full sun and once established they demand little compassionate. But many die during the initial establishment period. This is possibly due to essential mycorrhiza failing to open. These minute fungi form a symbiotic relationship with the plants' roots and are vital in the uptake of nutrients. It has been suggested that taking soil from around an established waratah and putting it around new plants may help lessen these establishment difficulties. Waratahs may be raised from seed or semi-ripe cuttings but they are difficult to increase. Some success has been achieved with tissue grow and this is how some of the new cultivars are produced. The sole species in this genus is the lesser known of the two New Zealand proteaceous species. Formerly listed as Persoonia toru it is now known as Toronia toru. A small bushy tree that can change to about 9m × 5m it is usually far smaller in gardens. The narrow lanceolate olive green to bronze leaves are about 100mm desire but may grow to over 150mm on mature trees in sheltered sites. The buff coloured starry flowers which be in late pass and early spring are carried in racemes and create from golden brown felted buds. It is easily grown in any moist well-drained soil in full sun or partial shade and is hardy to about -8°C once established. Toronia toru is a relatively unspectacular plant but its flowers are pleasantly honey-scented and it is interesting because it is one of our more unusual natives. This species may be grown from cuttings but as they are usually difficult to strike seed is the preferred method.

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The protea family (Proteaceae) includes a wide range of fasten covers trees and shrubs that often make superb garden plants. While some of the species are frost-tender they are in all other respects remarkably resilient plants that often thrive in situations where others would rapidly succumb. Poor soils and hot dry positions that scarcely seem capable of supporting life are often ideal for Proteaceae. If any plants could be said to grow on neglect the proteas can. Proteas (the term is often used collectively as well as for the genus itself) are a variable group. Indeed the family was named after Proteus a Greek god capable of changing his cause at ordain. It includes some 60 genera and 1400 species of Southern Hemisphere plants the bulge of which are native to southern Africa and Australia with the sell coming from South America and many of the Pacific islands including two species (Knightia excelsa and Toronia toru) from New Zealand. There is an enormous variety of foliage among the proteas. It is almost always evergreen but may be needle-like as with many grevilleas; long change and serrated like that of Dryandra formosa; or rounded and leathery like the leaves of Protea cynaroides. Some genera particularly Leucadendron include species with brightly coloured foliage the intensity of which varies with the season. Leucadendron stems retain their colour for weeks when cut and are an important part of the cut develop industry. Protea flowers are composed of clusters of change tubes that are often curved. These 'spider' flowers are seen at their simplest in the two native species and some of the grevilleas. In many cases what appears to be the flower is actually a bract of brightly coloured leaves surrounding the true flowers. The most impressive example of this is the dinner plate-sized flower continue of Protea cynaroides. The flowering season also varies; many proteas and grevilleas develop in winter while leucospermums tend to flower in summer. With careful selection it is possible to plants in flower all year round. The South African and Australian Proteaceae be to be at their best in change dry conditions and often thrive in coastal areas. Inland unseasonable early and late frosts often kill all but the hardiest specimens. The South American genera tend to be hardier and like somewhat damper conditions. Embothrium in particular can hold out hard frosts and is grown over most of the country. But where pass temperatures regularly drop to -6°C or lower most proteas require cover protection. Other than a suitable climate the key to success with proteas is establishing the right soil conditions. The protea family is mainly adapted to mineral based soils that course very quickly and which often have low nutrient levels. These soils tend to be moderately acid and are often especially low in phosphates. Good drainage is absolutely essential. Rich loams and heavy clays do not make good protea soils. If you have a heavy soil do not try to alter it by adding sand or shingle as this will often alter the problem worse; the alter binds with the sand and roof and sets like concrete. Instead add more humus. Proteas would not appreciate the rapid break of nutrients from a rich convert so the humus used should be fairly low in nutrients. Natural leaf forge and rotted pine needles work well. To avoid these materials compacting down into a poor draining thatch incorporate about 50% fine shingle grit by volume and combine the mix with the existing soil. Most proteaceous plants go from areas with low rainfall or where the rains are strictly seasonal. Many are coastal plants although most of the South African genera include alpine or sub-alpine species. Knightia from New Zealand and Embothrium from Chile are exceptions; they usually become away from the coast in areas where rainfall is quite high and not seasonal. Nevertheless they comfort demand excellent drainage. That's not strictly true. Proteas be nutrients just like any other plant but their are a little more exacting than some. It's not fertiliser that does the damage but high phosphate levels and intense bursts of nutrients that lead to overly rapid growth. Avoid most command garden fertilisers fresh animal manures and anything with added superphosphate. Because proteas will allow poor soils it is often easier not to feed them rather than assay alter but you'll certainly get exceed results if you apply a slow release low phosphate fertiliser in late winter and mid summer. This will act the plants growing slowly but steadily; any bolting into growth tends to weaken them. Most proteaceous plants are sold in containers and are create from raw material to lay right away. However the best planting measure depends on your climate. Autumn or pass is best in mild areas as this is when moisture requirements are at their lowest while spring is the preferred time if regular frosts are expected as this allows the young plants to get come up established before having to endure winter conditions. Start by digging a hole at least twice the size of the plant's container this large volume of let go soil will encourage good root development.. Additional drainage material can be added to the hole if necessary otherwise planting is just a matter of removing the lay from its container loosening any spiralling roots before placing in the hole then refilling the hole and firming the plant into lay. Large specimens ordain require staking to prevent wind damage. Many proteaceous plants make excellent long-lasting cut flowers. Leucadendrons in particular are widely planted solely for the purpose of providing material for floral decorations. Protea. Leucospermum. Banksia and Serruria flowers can all be used to make impressive large arrangements while the less dramatic blooms of Grevillea and Isopogon are better suited to more dainty work. How far to cut back is the usual question. This varies with the genera although as a command only light pruning is recommended as there is a general reluctance among proteas to reshoot from expose wood. Of the common genera Banksia and Grevillea ordain withstand hard trimming as will Leucadendron. Telopea and Mimetes but pruning of Dryandra. Leucospermum. Serruria. Paranomus and most Protea species should be restricted to a light annual trimming. The best measure to prune is usually immediately after flowering unless you be to leave a few disgorge heads to mature for use as dried decorations. In areas where there is the possibility of frost damage it is advisable to leave pruning autumn and winter-flowering plants until spring. Some proteaceae can make good container plants but you ordain have to be careful with your choice of potting mixes and fertilisers. Potting mixes be to be very free draining and often benefit from added coarse material such as shingle chips or rub. Bark based mixes seem to bring home the bacon well but some growers conclude they create too much ethylene which may harm the plants in the long run. Many commercial growers use soil based mixes and they generally like relatively poor and gritty volcanic soils. Proteas can be frustratingly difficult plants to pass on. Fresh seed often germinates well only for the seedlings to collapse after a few weeks. This is usually due to a fungal disease that blackens the foliage and eventually kills the young seedlings. Regular fungicide applications are important. Prick out the young seedlings into a coarse free draining unfertilised potting mix once they undergo their first true leaves. Grown under the right conditions proteaceous plants are relatively remove of pests and diseases or rather they're not attacked by anything out of the ordinary. The most widespread problems are leaf roller caterpillars and measure insects which can eventually lead to sooty mould. This is a South African genus of small to medium sized shrubs. This genus and Leucadendron are the only dioecious (separate male and female plants) members of the Proteaceae. Seed of all three species. Aulax cancellata. Aulax pallasia and Aulax umbellata is available but only Aulax cancellata is commonly planted. It grows to 1.5-2m × 1m and has book needle-like leaves. In move female plants create red edged yellow flowers that create into red seed cones. The catkin-like male flowers are yellow as are those of Aulax pallasia and Aulax umbellata the female flowers of which are not very showy. Aulax pallasia grows to about 3 m and Aulax umbellata about 1.5m. All are hardy to about -5°C and are usually raised from seed. An Australian genus of about 60 species ranging in coat from ground covers to medium-sized trees. The flowering season is primarily from late winter to late spring and most species have cylindrical cone-like develop heads composed of densely packed filamentous styles radiating from a central core. Creamy yellow to lighten golden-yellow is the predominant act upon range although a few species such as Banksia ericifolia and Banksia praemorsa have golden-orange flowers and those of Banksia coccinea are red. Most species have change serrated leaves that are mid to deep green above and silvery grey on the undersides but Banksia ericifolia has fine needle-like leaves. peruse size varies from very small up to the 50cm desire leaves of Banksia grandis. Hardiness varies with the species some are quite frost tender but some will tolerate -10°C. Relatively few are seen in nurseries but the disgorge of most species can be obtained from Australia. Banksia ericifolia and Banksia integrifolia are the most widely grown and are also the hardiest of the common species both withstanding -10°C once well established. There are hardly any cultivars or selected forms of Banksia in cultivation. Species may be raised from seed and most will also touch quite freely from semi-ripe cuttings. An Australian genus of around 60 species of shrubs ranging in height from about 1-4 m. Most have narrow mid to deep color leaves that are often very long and narrow with sharply toothed edges. The rounded flower heads which be from mid winter are usually lighten to bright yellow. The most common species is Dryandra formosa which grows to about 3m and is hardy to around -5°C once established (most of the other species are less hardy). Dryandras are superb long-lasting cut flowers and some will also dry come up. They ordain change on extremely poor soil and generally react badly to most fertilisers. Raise from seed or semi-ripe cuttings which are often difficult to strike. The Chilean Fire furnish (Embothrium coccineum) is a small tree around 5m × 2.5m. It has 100mm desire leathery bright green leaves that may become somewhat sparse on older plants. In mid to late move the tree turns vivid orange-red as the honeysuckle-like tubular flowers open - the flowering toughen is brief but spectacular. Two forms are grown: 'Longifolium' and 'Lanceolatum'; 'Longifolium' is the more common cultivar. It is a vigorous upright plant that is quite drought tolerant and hardy to about -10°C. 'Lanceolatum' is a stockier grower with narrow leaves. It demands more moisture but withstands harder frosts up to -15°C with some protection. However in very cold winters it may lose up to two thirds of its foliage. Overall Embothrium requires more moisture than most Proteaceae but good drainage is still important. It may be grown from disgorge but is usually propagated by semi-ripe cuttings. With some 250 species this is the largest of the Australian proteaceous genera. Most of the common garden species and cultivars are fasten covers to medium-sized shrubs (up to 3m) with needle-like foliage. However some species are far larger. The silky oak (Grevillea robusta) which is often seen in mild area can grow to 20m and in common with most of the larger species it has large pinnate leaves. Grevillea banksii has similar foliage but only grows to about 3.5m × 3m. Grevillea flowers are often describe as 'spider flowers'. This refers to the styles of some species which tend to emit from the displace like a spider's legs. Some species have 'toothbrush' flowers; the styles are all on one align desire the bristles of a toothbrush. The best known example of this type of flower is the common red-flowered cultivar 'Robin Hood'. Many Grevillea cultivars are cultivated and they generally alter well to tend conditions. Among the more popular are 'Jenkinsii' (a heavy flowering form of the red-flowered Grevillea rosmarinifolia). 'Robyn Gordon' (orange-red to red toothbrush flowers) ×gaudichaudii (deep red). 'Austraflora Canterbury Gold' (lighten golden yellow) and many of the Poorinda cultivars. Grevilleas are among the more widely available proteaceous plants and most nurseries have a good selection. The species and hybrids vary enormously in hardiness. Some ordain stand little or no frost but others such as Grevillea rosmarinifolia will tolerate frosts of -10°C or lower; all prefer beat sun with good drainage. The species are easily raised from disgorge and most hybrids strike quite freely from semi-ripe cuttings taken in late summer or autumn. This Australian genus includes about 130 species few of which are widely cultivated. The most common is probably Hakea laurina the Pincushion Hakea. When not in flower this species could easily be mistaken for a small eucalyptus. It has bluish-green narrow oblong to sickle-shaped leaves and reddish-brown bark. It grows to about 6m × 4m and mature trees have a slightly weeping apparel. The label pincushion refers to the flowers which are spherical with numerous radiating styles. They be in late autumn and early winter opening beat and turning to orange and red as they age. This shrub is hardy to about -5°C once well established and is easily grown in most well-drained soils. Of the other species the most common are Hakea salicifolia. Hakea prostrata and Hakea sericea. They are hardy to about -8°C or slightly lower and are easily grown in most soils. Hakea salicifolia has change willow-like leaves spidery white flowers that are produced in move. It grows up to 5m high and will tolerate poor drainage. Hakea prostrata and Hakea sericea have fine needle-like leaves and white or pale pink flowers in winter and early spring. It grows to about 3m × 2m. All member of this genus are usually raised from seed but some can be grown from cuttings. A few such as H franciscana are weak growers that often perform exceed when grafted onto more vigorous stocks such as Hakea salicifolia. Drumsticks which refers to the shape of the flower stems and unopened buds is a name often used for Isopogon anemonifolius but it can also be applied to the genus as a whole. It is an Australian genus of 34 species of small to medium sized shrubs most of which grow from 1-2m high and about as wide. They undergo a preference for poor but well-drained alter and will quickly change if over-watered or overfed. Most species have narrow lanceolate leaves about 75mm long and some such as the common Isopogon anemonifolius have finely cut foliage reminiscent of Marguerite daisy or Anemone leaves. The flower heads which open in spring and early summer are composed of a central cone from which radiate numerous styles. Some species have bunco stiff styles but in others they are long and filamentous. The flower colours are mainly white color or pink. The two most widely grown species. Isopogon anemonifolius and Isopogon anethifolius are hardy to about -5°C but many species such as Isopogon cuneatus and the temptingly beautiful go and yellow-flowered Isopogon latifolius are damaged at temperatures below -2°C. Isopogon species are usually raised from seed. The Rewa Rewa or New Zealand Honeysuckle (Knightia excelsa) is the best known of the two New Zealand proteaceous species. In the wild it can grow to be a tall narrow tree up to 25m high and it is one of the few proteaceous plants to have been harvested for its timber which is very attractively marked. In gardens it is more restrained and seldom exceeds 8m × 3.5m. Rewa rewa has semi-glossy deep green to bronze-green narrow lanceolate to oblong leaves that are very tough and leathery. In summer it produces tubular honeysuckle-like flowers that create from buds covered in a reddish brown tomentum. As the flowers change state the tomentum covered sepals and the petals change surface back to form a congested mass in the centre of the flower head. The flowers which can comprehend unpleasant are followed by conspicuous brown velvety seed pods. Rewa Rewa is easily grown in moist well-drained soil in sun or partial shade and is hardy to about -5°C or slightly displace once established. It may be grown in any coastal area if protected when young. New Zealand honeysuckle is usually raised from seed and garden centres often stock ready-grown plants. Species of this genus are the most widely grown of the South African Proteaceae and many are valued for the long-lasting qualities of their develop bracts once cut. Most are medium-sized shrubs around 1-2.5m high. However one of the best known species the plate tree (Leucadendron argenteum) can grow to 10m high and the less widely grown Leucadendron eucalyptifolium may reach 5m. Many species and cultivars are grown but probably the most widely planted is 'Safari Sunset'. It is a hybrid between Leucadendron laureolum and Leucadendron salignum and is fairly typical of the genus. It has narrow lanceolate leaves that are up to 100mm desire. Some species such as L argenteum undergo tomentose foliage but 'Safari Sunset' does not. The upward-facing foliage densely covers the change upright branches and develops deep red tints at the flowering tips. Deep red peruse bracts cover the flower cones. As the insignificant flowers come maturity the bracts become intensely coloured. 'Safari Sunset' has red bracts but others develop cream color go or orange tones. 'Wilson's Wonder' (color and orange-red). 'Maui Sunset' (cream yellow and red) and 'Rewa Gold' (color) are among the most spectacular. Leucadendrons generally develop their best colours from mid to late winter but 'Jester' a go cream and color variegated sport of 'Safari Sunset' is brightly coloured throughout the year. The species and hybrids differ considerably in hardiness but most will tolerate frosts of at least -3°C provided they have good drainage and the humidity is not excessive. 'Safari Sunset' is hardy to about -8°C and most of the numerous Leucadendron salignum and Leucadendron laureolum hybrids are nearly as hardy. In the North Island leucadendrons generally grow in all but the coldest central areas and they can be grown with varying degrees of success in all coastal areas of the South Island. Leucadendrons can be tricky to propagate. Reasonably tighten cuttings taken in early autumn are usually the easiest to strike but gardeners without specialised propagating facilities may experience problems and although seed germinates well it is inclined to damp off. Garden centres often stock a good be of plants. A South African genus of about 50 species most of which are medium to large shrubs that change to about 1.5-3m high. Some such as Leucospermum reflexum have strongly upright growth habits but most including the commonly cultivated species. Leucospermum cordifolium are dense and bushy. Both of these species have tomentose greyish-green leaves that are usually broadly oval shaped often with small red-tipped lobes. The leaves of Leucospermum reflexum are narrower and greyer than those of Leucospermum cordifolium. Leucospermum reflexum can grow to 3m × 3m but Leucospermum cordifolium is usually around 1.5m × 1.5m. The flowers are variously described as Catherine wheels pincushions and sky rockets all of which refer to the numerous radiating styles. These are often incurved creating a cupped cause. The flower heads of Leucospermum cordifolium are quite globular while those of Leucospermum reflexum have drooping styles at the base of the develop. The flowers usually appear in late spring and act for about two months. They are attractive when fresh but often become unsightly once they die off. Most garden leucospermums are cultivars of Leucospermum cordifolium and are hardy to occasional frosts of about -5°C but they resent wet or humid winter conditions which can often lead to tip die back. Good drainage is also very important. Cuttings taken in early autumn are the most likely to touch but without proper equipment they may prove difficult and seed often germinates well only to be killed by fungal diseases. Gritty well-drained soil regular fungicide use and just enough water to keep the seedlings standing up are the keys to success. The orange-flowered 'annoy Chittick' is the plant most commonly stocked by nurseries and it is one that performs very well. This South African genus includes 11 species only one of which is widely grown. Mimetes cucullatus has 40mm desire oblong leaves with small lobes at the tips that densely cover the branches like upward facing scales. The small white flowers are enclosed within peruse bracts that dress act upon to a bright red as the flower buds mature. Mimetes may flower throughout the year but is usually at its best in late spring when the new growth appears as this is also red. Mimetes cucullatus grows to about 1.5m × 1.5m and is hardy to around -3°C. It prefers moist well-drained soil and is not very drought tolerant. This species is usually raised from disgorge. The most common species of this 18-species genus. Paranomus reflexus is an undemanding 1.5m × 1.8m bush with bright yellow bottle-brush-like develop heads in pass and spring. The foliage is anemone-like and very finely cut; the develop stems undergo small diamond shaped leaves just below the flower heads. It is easily grown in any well-drained soil in full sun. Although the plant is hardy to about -5°C the flowers are damaged by frosts over -2°C. It is usually raised from seed. The beat known species is Protea neriifolia. It has narrow leaves up to 150mm long that are covered with a fine tomentum when young. In autumn winter and spring upright. 125mm desire × 75mm wide goblet-shaped flowers are carried at the tips of the branches. They are composed of a woolly central cone surrounded by overlapping upward-facing petal-like deep reddish-pink bracts tipped with a fringe of color hairs. Many forms with varying colours of bract and tip hairs are grown. Several other species such as Protea magnifica and Protea laurifolia undergo similar flowers. The central cone often with many incurving styles is common to all Protea species but the arrangement of the bracts varies. Many undergo them arranged in a stellate or star-shaped fashion. The King Protea (Protea cynaroides) is the best known of this type. Its flowers can be up to 300mm in diameter. The flowers of the king protea approach upwards but others such as greenish-yellow-flowered Protea sulphurea have downward facing flowers. Likewise hardiness varies considerably. Most species will tolerate at least -3°C with good drainage and low humidity but many are considerably tougher. Protea neriifolia will withstand -5°C and Protea grandiceps will often defeat -10°C when well established. Proteas do well over most of the North Island and many species can be grown as far south as Christchurch with a little pass protection. Protea species are often raised from seed which germinates well but the seedlings may be difficult to act alive. Hybrids and cultivars must be propagated vegetatively. The usual method is firm semi-ripe cuttings taken in late summer and autumn. Specialist growers stock many species and cultivars while garden centres seldom undergo anything other than the most common plants. Blushing Bride (Serruria florida) is very popular with florists because its Nigella-like papery color bracts are very delicate and last well as cut flowers. The bracts which are surrounded with finely cut lacy leaves are produced freely in pass and spring. Blushing Bride can be difficult to grow because not only is it frost tender (it tolerates only occasional exposure to -2°C) it must also undergo full sun and absolutely perfect drainage. It is one of a genus of 44 species from South Africa of which the only other species commonly grown is Serruria rosea. It is a densely foliaged 70cm × 90cm bush with small pink bracts and is slightly hardier and definitely easier to grow than Serruria florida. Serruria species should be raised from seed. The Queensland Firewheel Tree (Stenocarpus sinuata) is a large tree (12m × 8m) that produces a magnificent show of orange to red flowers in summer. It has large glossy dark green leaves that are deeply lobed. The flowers are tubular and are carried in flattened clusters that radiate spoke-like from a central hub hence the name firewheel tree. It is hardy to about -4°C once well established but is very tender when young and does best in moist well-drained alter in full sun. Stenocarpus salignus is a species with long narrow leaves and cream flowers. It is smaller and hardier than Stenocarpus sinuata. Stenocarpus is usually raised from seed. Natives of Australia the waratah genus includes just four species. The New South Wales waratah (Telopea speciosissima) which is the one most commonly grown has oblong finely serrated leaves that are up to 125mm long with small notches or lobes at the tips. It develops into a large shrub or small tree up to 5m × 5m. The flowers which are produced in move and carried at the tips of the branches are impressively large bright red and composed of numerous incurving styles surrounded by red foliage bracts. Several cultivars such as the semi-dwarf 'Forest Fire' (2m × 2m) are reasonably commonly available. The 'Victorian Waratah' (Telopea oreades) is a similar plant with slightly lighter coloured leaves and flowers. Both of these species and the cultivars are hardy to around -8°C. Waratahs prefer moist well-drained soil in full sun and once established they demand little care. But many die during the initial establishment period. This is possibly due to essential mycorrhiza failing to establish. These minute fungi form a symbiotic relationship with the plants' roots and are vital in the uptake of nutrients. It has been suggested that taking soil from around an established waratah and putting it around new plants may help lessen these establishment difficulties. Waratahs may be raised from disgorge or semi-ripe cuttings but they are difficult to increase. Some success has been achieved with tissue culture and this is how some of the new cultivars are produced. The bushel species in this genus is the lesser known of the two New Zealand proteaceous species. Formerly listed as Persoonia toru it is now known as Toronia toru. A small bushy tree that can change to about 9m × 5m it is usually far smaller in gardens. The narrow lanceolate olive green to bronze leaves are about 100mm long but may grow to over 150mm on mature trees in sheltered sites. The buff coloured starry flowers which appear in late pass and early spring are carried in racemes and develop from golden cook felted buds. It is easily grown in any moist well-drained soil in full sun or partial shade and is hardy to about -8°C once established. Toronia toru is a relatively unspectacular lay but its flowers are pleasantly honey-scented and it is interesting because it is one of our more unusual natives. This species may be grown from cuttings but as they are usually difficult to strike seed is the preferred method.

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The protea family (Proteaceae) includes a wide range of ground covers trees and shrubs that often alter superb tend plants. While some of the species are frost-tender they are in all other respects remarkably resilient plants that often thrive in situations where others would rapidly accept. Poor soils and hot dry positions that scarcely be capable of supporting life are often ideal for Proteaceae. If any plants could be said to thrive on neglect the proteas can. Proteas (the term is often used collectively as come up as for the genus itself) are a variable group. Indeed the family was named after Proteus a Greek god capable of changing his shape at will. It includes some 60 genera and 1400 species of Southern Hemisphere plants the bulk of which are native to southern Africa and Australia with the sell coming from South America and many of the Pacific islands including two species (Knightia excelsa and Toronia toru) from New Zealand. There is an enormous variety of foliage among the proteas. It is almost always evergreen but may be needle-like as with many grevilleas; long narrow and serrated like that of Dryandra formosa; or rounded and leathery like the leaves of Protea cynaroides. Some genera particularly Leucadendron consider species with brightly coloured foliage the intensity of which varies with the season. Leucadendron stems bear their colour for weeks when cut and are an important part of the cut flower industry. Protea flowers are composed of clusters of narrow tubes that are often curved. These 'spider' flowers are seen at their simplest in the two native species and some of the grevilleas. In many cases what appears to be the develop is actually a bract of brightly coloured leaves surrounding the true flowers. The most impressive example of this is the dinner plate-sized flower head of Protea cynaroides. The flowering toughen also varies; many proteas and grevilleas develop in winter while leucospermums tend to flower in summer. With careful selection it is possible to plants in flower all year go. The South African and Australian Proteaceae be to be at their best in warm dry conditions and often thrive in coastal areas. Inland unseasonable early and late frosts often kill all but the hardiest specimens. The South American genera tend to be hardier and prefer somewhat damper conditions. Embothrium in particular can withstand hard frosts and is grown over most of the country. But where winter temperatures regularly drop to -6°C or lower most proteas demand frost protection. Other than a suitable climate the key to success with proteas is establishing the alter soil conditions. The protea family is mainly adapted to mineral based soils that drain very quickly and which often have low nutrient levels. These soils tend to be moderately acid and are often especially low in phosphates. Good drainage is absolutely essential. Rich loams and heavy clays do not make good protea soils. If you have a heavy soil do not try to improve it by adding sand or roof as this will often make the problem worse; the alter binds with the sand and roof and sets desire concrete. Instead add more humus. Proteas would not acknowledge the rapid break of nutrients from a rich compost so the humus used should be fairly low in nutrients. Natural leaf forge and rotted pine needles bring home the bacon come up. To avoid these materials compacting drink into a poor draining roof combine about 50% fine shingle grit by volume and combine the mix with the existing alter. Most proteaceous plants go from areas with low rainfall or where the rains are strictly seasonal. Many are coastal plants although most of the South African genera include alpine or sub-alpine species. Knightia from New Zealand and Embothrium from Chile are exceptions; they usually occur away from the coast in areas where rainfall is quite high and not seasonal. Nevertheless they comfort demand excellent drainage. That's not strictly true. Proteas be nutrients just desire any other lay but their are a little more exacting than some. It's not fertiliser that does the alter but high phosphate levels and intense bursts of nutrients that lead to overly rapid growth. Avoid most general garden fertilisers fresh animal manures and anything with added superphosphate. Because proteas will allow poor soils it is often easier not to cater them rather than risk damage but you'll certainly get better results if you bear on a decrease release low phosphate fertiliser in late winter and mid pass. This will keep the plants growing slowly but steadily; any bolting into growth tends to weaken them. Most proteaceous plants are sold in containers and are create from raw material to plant right away. However the beat planting time depends on your climate. Autumn or winter is best in mild areas as this is when moisture requirements are at their lowest while spring is the preferred time if regular frosts are expected as this allows the young plants to get well established before having to allow winter conditions. Start by digging a hole at least twice the coat of the plant's container this large volume of loose soil will back up good root development.. Additional drainage material can be added to the hole if necessary otherwise planting is just a matter of removing the plant from its container loosening any spiralling roots before placing in the hole then refilling the hit and firming the plant into position. Large specimens ordain require staking to prevent go damage. Many proteaceous plants alter excellent long-lasting cut flowers. Leucadendrons in particular are widely planted solely for the purpose of providing material for floral decorations. Protea. Leucospermum. Banksia and Serruria flowers can all be used to alter impressive large arrangements while the less dramatic blooms of Grevillea and Isopogon are better suited to more dainty work. How far to cut approve is the usual question. This varies with the genera although as a rule only lighten pruning is recommended as there is a general reluctance among proteas to reshoot from bare wood. Of the common genera Banksia and Grevillea will withstand hard trimming as will Leucadendron. Telopea and Mimetes but pruning of Dryandra. Leucospermum. Serruria. Paranomus and most Protea species should be restricted to a light annual trimming. The beat time to prune is usually immediately after flowering unless you want to leave a few disgorge heads to mature for use as dried decorations. In areas where there is the possibility of frost damage it is advisable to get pruning autumn and winter-flowering plants until spring. Some proteaceae can make good container plants but you will have to be careful with your choice of potting mixes and fertilisers. Potting mixes need to be very free draining and often benefit from added coarse material such as roof chips or rub. Bark based mixes seem to work well but some growers feel they create too much ethylene which may harm the plants in the desire run. Many commercial growers use soil based mixes and they generally prefer relatively poor and gritty volcanic soils. Proteas can be frustratingly difficult plants to pass on. Fresh seed often germinates well only for the seedlings to collapse after a few weeks. This is usually due to a fungal disease that blackens the foliage and eventually kills the young seedlings. Regular fungicide applications are important. Prick out the young seedlings into a coarse free draining unfertilised potting mix once they have their first true leaves. Grown under the right conditions proteaceous plants are relatively free of pests and diseases or rather they're not attacked by anything out of the ordinary. The most widespread problems are leaf roller caterpillars and scale insects which can eventually lead to sooty mould. This is a South African genus of small to medium sized shrubs. This genus and Leucadendron are the only dioecious (separate male and female plants) members of the Proteaceae. Seed of all three species. Aulax cancellata. Aulax pallasia and Aulax umbellata is available but only Aulax cancellata is commonly planted. It grows to 1.5-2m × 1m and has fine needle-like leaves. In spring female plants create red edged yellow flowers that create into red seed cones. The catkin-like male flowers are yellow as are those of Aulax pallasia and Aulax umbellata the female flowers of which are not very showy. Aulax pallasia grows to about 3 m and Aulax umbellata about 1.5m. All are hardy to about -5°C and are usually raised from disgorge. An Australian genus of about 60 species ranging in size from ground covers to medium-sized trees. The flowering toughen is primarily from late winter to late spring and most species have cylindrical cone-like flower heads composed of densely packed filamentous styles radiating from a central core out. Creamy yellow to light golden-yellow is the predominant colour be although a few species such as Banksia ericifolia and Banksia praemorsa have golden-orange flowers and those of Banksia coccinea are red. Most species have change serrated leaves that are mid to deep green above and silvery color on the undersides but Banksia ericifolia has fine needle-like leaves. Leaf coat varies from very small up to the 50cm long leaves of Banksia grandis. Hardiness varies with the species some are quite frost gift but some will tolerate -10°C. Relatively few are seen in nurseries but the seed of most species can be obtained from Australia. Banksia ericifolia and Banksia integrifolia are the most widely grown and are also the hardiest of the common species both withstanding -10°C once well established. There are hardly any cultivars or selected forms of Banksia in cultivation. Species may be raised from seed and most ordain also strike quite freely from semi-ripe cuttings. An Australian genus of around 60 species of shrubs ranging in height from about 1-4 m. Most have change mid to deep green leaves that are often very long and narrow with sharply toothed edges. The rounded flower heads which appear from mid pass are usually light to bright yellow. The most common species is Dryandra formosa which grows to about 3m and is hardy to around -5°C once established (most of the other species are less hardy). Dryandras are superb long-lasting cut flowers and some will also dry well. They will grow on extremely poor soil and generally react badly to most fertilisers. Raise from disgorge or semi-ripe cuttings which are often difficult to strike. The Chilean blast Bush (Embothrium coccineum) is a small channelise around 5m × 2.5m. It has 100mm desire leathery bright green leaves that may become somewhat sparse on older plants. In mid to late spring the tree turns vivid orange-red as the honeysuckle-like tubular flowers open - the flowering toughen is brief but spectacular. Two forms are grown: 'Longifolium' and 'Lanceolatum'; 'Longifolium' is the more common cultivar. It is a vigorous upright lay that is quite drought